Fractures Among Egyptian Males With Fragility Hip Fractures in the Emergency Room of Ain Shams University Hospitals

Fractures Among Egyptian Males With Fragility Hip Fractures in the Emergency Room of Ain Shams University Hospitals

Adel A. Abbas (1), Mohamed F. Allam (2), Hala S. Sweed (1), Samia A. Abdul-Rahman (1), Walaa W. Ali (1).

 

1) Geriatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EGY. 2) Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, ESP. 3) Family Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EGY.

 

Cureus 15(12): e49960.

 

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49960

 

Abstract

Background. Fragility fractures are linked to significant costs for society as well as significant pain and suffering, disability, and even death. It is well-recognized that osteoporosis-related fragility fractures raise the risk of subsequent fragility fractures. One of the most frequent osteoporotic fractures brought on by low bone mineral density and other risk factors is vertebral fractures. Considering that most vertebral fractures are asymptomatic and not clinically identified, proactive screening could stop additional impairment.

Objective. The current study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hidden vertebral fractures in Egyptian males who have fragility hip fractures.

Patients and methods. A cross-sectional case-control study examining the correlation of risk factors between cases (fragility hip fracture and vertebral fractures) and a control group (fragility hip fracture without vertebral fracture) was carried out from September 2020 to September 2021 on patients visiting the orthopedic emergency department of a university hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Males who presented to the emergency room (ER) with fragility hip fractures and were 40 years of age or older met our inclusion criteria. For every patient who presented with a fragility hip fracture, standard lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of the dorso-lumbar spine were taken.

Results. A total of 43,935 patients visited the orthopedic emergency room (ER) throughout the study period; 13,034 of those patients were men, accounting for 29.7% of all orthopedic ER visits. Our inclusion criteria for fragility hip fractures were met by 132 male participants. The screening lumbosacral plain X-rays identified 27 (20.5%) of the 132 patients as having concomitant vertebral fractures in addition to the fragility hip fractures. Concomitant hidden vertebral fractures among Egyptian males with other fragility fractures, particularly fragility hip fractures, are predicted by the number of co-morbid diseases, hypertension, and continuous use of steroids and anti-epileptics.

Conclusion. Most fragility fractures are avoidable. Because one fragility fracture increases the likelihood of others, early detection is crucial. To prevent complications and mortality, it is important to identify and manage individuals who have a fragility hip fracture as they frequently have concurrent hidden vertebral fractures. Predictive risk factors for fragility vertebral fractures include hypertension, the number of concomitant illnesses, and chronic drugs (anti-epileptics and steroids).

 

Keywords: Ain Shams University, Egypt, Male, Vertebral Fracture, Hip Fracture, Osteoprosis, Fragility Fracture.

 

Abbas A A, Allam M F, Sweed H S, et al. (December 05, 2023) Proportion of Hidden Vertebral Fractures Among Egyptian Males With Fragility Hip Fractures in the Emergency Room of Ain Shams University Hospitals. Cureus 15(12): e49960. DOI 10.7759/cureus.49960

 

https://www.cureus.com/articles/207101-proportion-of-hidden-vertebral-fractures-among-egyptian-males-with-fragility-hip-fractures-in-the-emergency-room-of-ain-shams-university-hospitals?utm_medium=email&utm_source=transaction#!/

Role of Probiotics and Colchicine in COVID-19 Management?

Role of Probiotics and Colchicine in COVID-19 Management?

Samar Osama Ahmed Hassan (1), Ahmed Nour El-Din Hassan (2), Manal Sabry Mohamed (3), Mina Michael Nesim (3), Mohamed Nabil Badawy Al Ashram (3), Mohamed Farouk Allam (1,4)

 

(1) Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

(2) Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

(3) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

(4) Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt

 

Universal Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2023;1(1):14–16.

 

DOI: 10.31586/ujgh.2023.772

 

Abstract

 

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging human disease caused by a novel coronavirus, causing a global pandemic crisis. Probiotics and/or colchicine may be considered as options for treatment since they have anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. The aim of the current review was to assess the effectiveness of probiotic supplements and colchicine on symptoms, duration, and progression of mild and moderate cases of COVID-19 infection. Review: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the United States with 182 participants who were randomly assigned to receive daily oral probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) LGG or placebo for 28 days. The study indicated that LGG is well-tolerated and is associated with a delay in the onset of COVID-19 infection, a reduction in the incidence of symptoms, and alterations in the structure of the gut microbiome when administered as post-exposure prophylaxis within seven days of exposure. Colchicine may lessen mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis. Conclusion: Probiotics and/or colchicine may be viable treatment options for COVID-19 patients. To examine the efficacy of probiotics and colchicine in the treatment of COVID-19, it is necessary to conduct additional clinical trials and provide clinicians with evidence, as there are currently insufficient studies to support this conclusion.

 

Keywords: Probiotics, Colchicine, COVID-19, Management, Clinical trials, Review.

 

Universal Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2023;1(1):14–16.

 

https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/ujgh/article/view/772

Effectiveness of Probiotics for Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Effectiveness of Probiotics for Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Hadeer Abdel-Aleem Hassan Mohamed Tawfik (1), Mohamed Nazmy Farres (2), Rasha Samir (2,3), Mohamed Nabil Badawy Al Ashram (2), Mina Michael Nesim (2), Mohamed Farouk Allam (1*)

 

(1) Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt

(2) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt

(3) Departemnt of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Egypt

 

Universal Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2023;1(1):17–25.

 

DOI: 10.31586/ujgh.2023.735

 

Abstract

 

Background: Recently specific interactions and crosslinks between the gut microbiota and the lungs have been recognized, particularly with regard to respiratory immune and anti-microbial reactions. This is often known as the “gut-lung axis” or “a common mucosal immunological system”. Objective: The aim of the current systematic review was to evaluate evidence, from published clinical trials and cohort studies, if probiotics may have an effect in improving and managing COVID-19 symptoms. Materials and methods: The available studies were searched through a comprehensive search of electronic databases that included PubMed, Science Direct, Scirus, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), using a combination of the following keywords: “COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 AND Microbiota OR Probiotics” OR “Gut Lung Axis”. The literature was reviewed until August 31, 2022. Results: Only 3 studies were included. One of them evaluated the efficacy of probiotics in COVID-19 patients to obtain complete remission of all signs and symptoms. The clinical trial proves that probiotics have a significant effect on complete remission of all signs and symptoms of COVID-19 patients with statistical significant difference. Only one clinical trial out of the 3 included studies had evaluated the need for O2 therapy during the study between the probiotics and control groups, but without statistical significant difference. No statistical significant difference between the probiotics group and placebo group was observed regarding fatal prognosis during the only clinical trial that measured death as an outcome. Conclusion: We couldn’t judge on these results as they are insufficient data for pooling and meta-analysis. However, what we can say is “Most probably Probiotics have no role in treatment of COVID-19 infection”.

 

Keywords: COVID-19, Probiotics, Management, Meta-analysis, Systematic Review.

 

Universal Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2023;1(1):17–25.

 

https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/UJGH/article/view/735

Proportion and Risk Factors of Silent Vertebral Fractures Among Egyptian Females With Fragility Hip Fracture Presenting to the Emergency Room of Ain Shams University Hospitals

Proportion and Risk Factors of Silent Vertebral Fractures Among Egyptian Females With Fragility Hip Fracture Presenting to the Emergency Room of Ain Shams University Hospitals

Mohamed A. Abdelrahman Ali (1)

Hala S. Sweed (1)

Mohamed F. Allam (2)

Walaa W. Aly (1)

Abeer H. Mohamed Matter (1)

Walid E. Abdelalim Elshabrawy (3)

 

1. Geriatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.  

2. Family Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.  

3. Orthopedic Surgery, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

 

Cureus 15(9): e46214.

 

DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46214

 

Abstract

Background. Fragility fractures caused by osteoporosis are known to increase the risk of further fragility fractures. Also, several factors have been associated with an increasing risk of fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, as prior fracture, advancing age, low bone mineral density (BMD), greater risk or history of falls certain, pharmacologic therapies such as glucocorticoids, and medical conditions increase the risk of secondary osteoporosis and related fractures through their direct impact on bone density or structure. Menstrual history including age at menarche menopause and a history of amenorrhea is documented as a predicting osteoporotic fracture.

Objective. The aim of the current study is to find the proportion of hidden vertebral fractures among Egyptian females with fragility hip fracture.

Patients and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients who presented to the orthopedic emergency room (ER) of Ain Shams University Hospitals in Cairo, Egypt, from September 2020 to September 2021. Our inclusión criteria include females aged 40 years or older, who presented to the ER with fragility hip fractures. A simple random sample of females fulfilling our inclusión criteria for osteoporotic hip fracture was thoroughly investigated. Conventional lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of the dorsolumbar spine were obtained excluding those with high-impact fractures or pathological fractures.

Results. During the study period, a total of 43,935 persons presented to the orthopedic ER, of whom 30,901 were females, comprising 70.03% of total orthopedic ER visits. A sample of 150 females met our inclusion criteria. Results showed that 16 of our 150 cases had concomitant vertebral fracture, meaning that 10.7% of cases had hidden vertebral fracture at the time of osteoporotic hip fracture, as diagnosed by the screening lumbosacral plain X-rays. Older age at menarche, younger age at menopause, and amenorrhea are shown to be risk factors for hidden vertebral fracture in Egyptian females.

Conclusion. Osteoporosis is a complex and costly disease. Osteoporotic fractures may be largely preventable, as environmental factors are open to intervention, and effective pharmacological agents are available. Concomitant hidden vertebral fracture is prevalent among females with osteoporotic hip fractures, and those who had later menarche, earlier menopause, and menstrual irregularities have a higher incidence of developing associated vertebral fracture, which warrants identification and management to evade complications and mortality.

Keywords: elderly, vertebral fracture, osteoporosis, hip fracture, fragility fracture.

Abdelrahman Ali M A, Sweed H S, Allam M F, et al. (September 29, 2023) Proportion and Risk Factors of Silent Vertebral Fractures Among Egyptian Females With Fragility Hip Fracture Presenting to the Emergency Room of Ain Shams University Hospitals. Cureus 15(9): e46214.

https://www.cureus.com/articles/191975-proportion-and-risk-factors-of-silent-vertebral-fractures-among-egyptian-females-with-fragility-hip-fracture-presenting-to-the-emergency-room-of-ain-shams-university-hospitals#!/authors

 

Differential Complete Blood Count for Diagnosis of COVID-19?

Differential Complete Blood Count for Diagnosis of COVID-19?

Nermine A. Melek (1), Mohamed F. Allam (2,3), Bassem G. Labib (1), Abdalla Bazazo (2), Mayada M. Mahmoud (1) and Omneya M. Zeada (1)

1. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

2. Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

3. Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt

World Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2023, 2, 689

DOI: 10.31586/wjmm.2023.689

 

Abstract

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern. In this context, effective and affordable diagnostic procedures are essential for identifying and managing cases. Complete blood counts (CBC) are among the most common and readily available diagnostic tests. The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CBC in diagnosing COVID-19 and identifying cases. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 173 patients at Ain Shams University Hospitals over a period of three months. Patients were allocated into two groups according to COVID-19 PCR results: Group 1 included patients with COVID-19 positive PCR, and Group 2 included patients with COVID-19 negative PCR. Results: The study found that differential CBC had significant value in diagnosing COVID-19 disease. Many COVID-19 patients had lymphopenia and leucopenia compared to non-COVID-19 suspected patients. The low values of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils with a CBC test were found to be valuable in the initial diagnosis of COVID-19. Conclusion: The definitive diagnosis of COVID-19 requires RT-PCR analysis, which is time-consuming and less accessible. Thus, the initial diagnosis and treatment of patients may be delayed. This study suggests that CBC, which is easily available and affordable, can be valuable in the early identification of COVID-19 cases, allowing for prompt treatment and management.

 

Keywords: Complete blood count, COVID-19, Diagnosis, Case control study, Leucopenia, Lymphopenia.

 

World Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2023, 2, 689

https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/WJMM/article/view/689

Should not we vaccinate the public against seasonal influenza all over the year in COVID-19 era?

Should not we vaccinate the public against seasonal influenza all over the year in COVID-19 era?

Mohamed Farouk Allam (1,2,3)* and Khaled Mahmoud Abd-Elaziz (2)

1. Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

2. Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

3. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

 

Current Research in Public Health 2023:3(2):44–46.

DOI: 10.31586/crph.2023.706

ABSTRACT

The pandemic of the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) that was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 is still ongoing. One of the early recommendations from CDC and other international agencies is the seasonal influenza vaccination to decrease the effects and burden of COVID-19 pandemic. This review suggests that during COVID-19 pandemic vaccination against seasonal influenza should be conducted all over the year, even for young age groups, because of several reasons. First, the complications of seasonal influenza, especially pneumonia, could increase the burden on the saturated healthcare systems worldwide. Second, the resemblance of symptoms and signs of both seasonal influenza and COVID-19 will difficult diagnosing and isolation of COVID-19 patients. Third, it has been postulated that there is a cross immunity between seasonal influenza and COVID-19.

 

Keywords: Coronavirus, COVID-19, Influenza, Vaccine, Review.

 

Current Research in Public Health 2023.

https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/CRPH/article/view/706

New Topical Treatment for Psoriasis

New Topical Treatment for Psoriasis

Jose Miguel Ingelmo Calvo (1), José Ruiz Cobo (2) and Mohamed Farouk Allam (3*)

1. Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital HM Malaga, Malaga, Spain;

2. Distrito Sanitario Costa del Sol, SUAP Torremolinos, Malaga, Spain;

3. Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

 

Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology 2023

 

DOI: 10.14218/JERP.2023.00015

 

Abstract

Topical corticosteroids, alone or in combination with calcipotriol, a topical vitamin D analog, have proved effective in treating mild to moderate psoriasis. Topical corticosteroids, like clobetasol propionate, have a vasoconstrictor effect on the peripheral dermal vessels, and this explains skin atrophy in psoriatic patients applying topical corticosteroids regularly for long periods. However, a new topical treatment for psoriasis has been developed and patented. The new treatment is prepared as a lotion and is composed of clobetasol, papaverine hydrochloride, spironolactone, milk-peptide-complex, and propylene glycol. A 47-year-old male presented with extensive psoriasis lesions in the elbows and back. The patient had an irrelevant past medical history and was complaining mainly of severe itching in the psoriatic lesions. The patient was advised to use our newly patented lotion once daily for one week. After 7 days of local application of the new lotion, the patient was examined in the outpatient clinic. The patient reported significant improvement in the itching sensations and remission of the scaled lesions. Comparing the lesions before and after the application of the local treatment for 7 days, it was observed that the psoriasis area severity index score had improved from 20.9 to 1.8. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are required to confirm the findings of our case report.

 

Keywords: Psoriasis; Topical treatment; Psoriasis area severity index; Malaga.

 

Journal of Exploratory Research in Pharmacology 2023

 

https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2572-5505/JERP-2023-00015

https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2572-5505/JERP-2023-00015/pdf

Critical Thinking

Critical Thinking

Definition of Critical Thinking: “Critical thinking is a cognitive process of actively and carefully evaluating the reasoning and evidence behind knowledge and arguments and developing defensible knowledge and arguments ourselves.”

 

Teaching Critical Thinking to Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students.

 

Main Aims of Critical Thinking:

1.    Quality of Argument.

2.    Strength of Evidence.

3.    Clarity of Communication.

Dr. Sarag Ivory (The University of Edinburgh)

Predictor Factors of Mortality among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Retrospective Cohort Study in A Quarantine Hospital

Predictor Factors of Mortality among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Retrospective Cohort Study in A Quarantine Hospital

 

Shaimaa H Fouad (1), Mayada Moneer (1), Sara Ibrahim (2), Ahmed Ashraf Okba (3), Amr Hosny (3), Sylvia W Roman (1), Inas Abd El Rahim Ali (4), Mohamed Farouk Allam (5)

Department of Internal Medicine (1), Department of Clinical Pathology (2), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care (3), Department of Family Medicine (5), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

(4) Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology MUST, Giza, Egypt

 

The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 2023;90:1472-1475.

 

DOI: 10.21608/EJHM.2023.282371

 

ABSTRACT

Background: Over 630 million COVID-19 instances have been documented worldwide, and there have been close to 6.5 million fatalities. The primary methods for evaluating the effects of various variables on the COVID-19 mortality rate have centred on individual comorbidities and risk factors related to ageing. Objective: We looked at the connection between COVID-19 degree upon admittance to a quarantined hospital and risk of patient death with an emphasis on several prospective therapies in order to present additional evidences. Patients and methods: 338 participants who were admitted to Ain Shams University Hospitals were the subjects of a retrospective cohort analysis from April 20, 2020, to July 30, 2020, of whom 317 individuals had documented outcomes (hospital discharge or fatal prognosis). Applying logistic regression analysis, it was possible to determine the adjusted hazard variables for fatal outcome. Results: At the univariate stage, individuals who were elderly, smokers, hypertensives, diabetics, and individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as those taking steroids, tocilizumab, or enoxaparin sodium, were more likely to have a fatal outcome. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a strong indicator of death due to its high prevalence (65%) in COVID-19 participants who did not survive. The multivariable investigation suggests only 2 factors from the risk categories significantly related with fatal outcome in the univariate study: older age and steroid use. Conclusion: The use of steroids may be more indicative of the degree of the illness than a terminal prognosis. Steroids are frequently administered to participants who have severe respiratory problems or indications, therefore cause effect bias is extremely possible. Additional research is required to verify the advantages of various drugs in COVID-19 individuals.

 

Keywords: COVID-19, Hospital, ICU, severity, risk factors, mortality, Ain Shams University.

 

The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 2023;90:1472-1475.

 

https://ejhm.journals.ekb.eg/article_282371.html

The “new normal” for medical education during and post-COVID-19

The “new normal” for medical education during and post-COVID-19

Fady Andraous, Ghada Essam Al-Din Amin, Mohamed Farouk Allam

Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Education for Health (Abingdon). 2022 May-Aug;35(2):67-68.

doi: 10.4103/efh.efh_412_20.

Abstract

After outbreaks in more than 110 countries, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on the March 11, 2020, heralding unprecedented challenges in medical education. Our aim is to provide a descriptive overview of the impact of COVID-19 on medical education worldwide and to assess its future repercussions. Worldwide, medical students were removed from clerkship training. Clinical skills and practical procedure training transitioned to being online, and in some cases, postponed. Medical educators scrambled to convert the curriculum into online formats. Access to Internet, technology, and computer education posed resource allocation challenges in developing countries and further widened the disparities in medical education. Even in countries where the framework and funding were available to support the online transition, debatably, this arrangement can lead to disparities in clinical skills, bedside manner, and field experience among pre- and post-COVID-19 medical graduates. Challenges extend beyond undergraduate medical education to include the medical licensing process of international and national postgraduates. The international community of medical educators needs to collaborate to drive the future of medical education, as the world adapts to the “new normal.”

Keywords: Clerkship, clinical skills, COVID-19, medical education, online.

 

Education for Health (Abingdon). 2022 May-Aug;35(2):67-68.

https://www.educationforhealth.net/article.asp?issn=1357-6283;year=2022;volume=35;issue=2;spage=67;epage=68;aulast=Andraous

Participation in the National Campaign on Viral Hepatitis C and Non-Communicable Diseases among Administrative Workers of Ain Shams University, Egypt

Participation in the National Campaign on Viral Hepatitis C and Non-Communicable Diseases among Administrative Workers of Ain Shams University, Egypt

Nashwa I. Basyoni, Nourhan B. Abd-ElSamad, Mohamed F. Allam *, Samia I. El-Damaty

Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt

 

World Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2023, 2, 584

 

DOI: 10.31586/wjmm.2023.584

 

Abstract:

Background: On the first of October 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) launched an initiative; named “100 Million Healthy Lives”, for nationwide screening of hepatitis c virus (HCV) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV infection in the world where about 10% of the Egyptian population is affected by the disease. NCDs are the leading cause of mortality in Egypt and account for about 84% of all deaths. This study was conducted to a) Estimate the prevalence of participation in the national campaign on viral hepatitis C and non-communicable diseases among administrative workers in Ain shams University (ASU), b) Estimate the self-reported satisfaction of these participants with the campaign. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 administrative workers of ASU faculties between March and August 2019 in Cairo, Egypt. A multistage random sample was done. Results: The study showed that 96% of the study group participated in the campaign. “Evaluating health status” was considered the main reason for participation at 92%, followed by "desire to obtain follow-up card", at 36%. Non-participation rate was about 4% and the main cause of non-participation was “fear of needle prick". About 91% of the participants were satisfied with the provided services. Mass media played a major role in awareness about the campaign for 91% of participants. Conclusions: The majority of the study group participated and was satisfied with the campaign. Mass media played a major role in participant awareness of the campaign.

 

Keywords: Hepatitis C Virus, Non-Communicable Diseases, Participation, Satisfaction, Ain Shams University, Egypt.

 

World Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2023, 2, 584

https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/wjmm/article/view/584